Profiles of heavy metals in Ilupeju, Ikeja and Isolo industrial wastewaters and seasonal impacts on quality of water downstream and upstream in Lagos metropolis were determined. Wastewater samples from  industrial estate were collected at the point of discharge of effluents into the streams and at spatial interval of 50 to 200 meters upstream and downstream of the discharge point over a two- year period (2005-2007) .The effluents were analyzed for heavy metals using standard methods. At the point of wastewater discharge into water bodies, during dry and rainy seasons, only Manganese showed significant difference (p < 0.05) in the first year in Ikeja.  In dry and  rainy seasons, the level of iron fluctuated from 8.95 ± 0.18 mg/L upstream to 8.96 ± 0.88 mg/L downstream in Ikeja; 1.40 ± 0.17 mg/L to 15.94 ± 1.56 mg/L in Ilupeju and 9.10 ± 0.64 mg/L to 4.98 ± 0.76 mg/L in Isolo industrial zones. In all the industrial areas considered, all the heavy metals have high accumulation factor at one season or the other except chromium and zinc. Accumulation factor for manganese increases in order of 2.38

Pollution Load of Heavy Metals in Ilupeju, Ikeja and Isolo Industrial Wastewaters and Seasonal Impacts on Quality of Water Downstream and Upstream in Lagos Metropolis

The usage of natural mines and materials is rapidly increasing in parallel to population growth and industrial developments. It is very important for future generations that the materials used are transported to landfills and protected from mineral resources by preventing them from being thrown into the environment. Separation of materials produced from different metals as much as possible, production of new materials, protection of mineral resources, and reduction of environmental pollution is also very important in economic terms. In addition to legal sanctions for the recycling of metals and other resources, voluntary organizations are making efforts in this regard. For the ones with high production and cost value at the beginning of recycled materials, more successful results are obtained. In the aluminium recycling plant, the collection and disassembly of the vehicle engines and vehicle transmissions are used in the domestic and abroad, and the dismantling of the aluminium alloys prepared according to the specifications requested by the customers. It is considered during this project stage that the vehicle engines and vehicle transmissions from domestic and foreign countries will not need to be recycled, and the vehicle engines and vehicle transmissions will be sold directly if they can be used directly in the vehicles after the necessary repairs.

Aluminum Gearbox of Vehicle Engine Recycling

In this study, the ship-borne air emissions in the port of Zonguldak were examined based on ship activity-based methods and total emissions generated from ships were estimated as 820 t y-1 for NOX, 45.700 t y-1 for CO2, 350 t y-1 for SOX, 32 t y-1 for VOC, 44 t y-1 for PM for the year of 2019. General cargo and ro-ro cargo ships are the main polluters in the port and emissions generated from the at-sea mode are higher than the port and maneuvering modes. There are five neighborhoods within 2km from the port of Zonguldak which are at risk of shipping emissions. At least 46,255 people will be exposed to dangerous shipping emissions such as NOX, SOX, PM along with other emissions within 2 km of the port area. The environmental cost of the port emissions for each contaminant has been estimated as $27 million and $43.586 per ship call. All types of emissions in the port region should be observed regularly and measures to decrease the emissions should be implemented.

ESTIMATING EXHAUST GAS EMISSIONS FROM SHIPS ON PORT OF ZONGULDAK

The amount of waste produced is increasing day by day because of the enlargement of cities together with the growth in population and industry. It is imperative to make a feasible and sustainable waste management plan for these wastes produced. Otherwise, it will be much more difficult to protect the environment and human health. Therefore, it is very important for the ecological balance of the earth that every waste can be reused or discharge without damaging the environment. Disposal of urban wastes without harming nature has been the biggest requirement. As the energy resources in the world are gradually depleted, studies on obtaining energy from such wastes have increased.
In this study, the current waste management in two provinces of Turkey, Trabzon and Rize, was discussed and the system was explained in detail. In the context of integrated waste management, in order to decide on the most appropriate waste management option, provincial central waste characterization was carried out and seasonal variation in the waste composition was investigated. According to the results, approximately 65-75% of Rize municipal solid waste was found as organic waste and 35-25% as recyclable waste. Moisture content was determined as 68-70% on average annually. The lower calorific value was found between 3100 and 4800 kcal/kg on dry basis. Approximately 55-60% of Trabzon municipal solid waste was organic waste and 25-30% was recyclable waste. Annual average moisture content was found around 70%. The lower calorific value was determined between 3400-4500 kcal/kg on a dry basis. In addition, reuse, recycling, recovery and final storage systems of the municipal solid waste were discussed for the selection of the most appropriate methods within the scope of zero waste management of each province. Based on the characterization data, waste elimination from final disposal prolongs the lifetime of sanitary landfills.

Investigation of Municipal Waste Characterization and Alternative Disposal Methods in Trabzon and Rize City Centres

This study determined the seasonal impacts of wastewaters from Ikeja industrial estates on the water quality of proximate Iya Alaro River being one of the longest rivers employed for irrigational and washing purposes in the estate.  Wastewater samples from industrial estate were collected at the point of discharge of effluents into the streams and at spatial interval of 50 to 200 meters upstream and downstream of the discharge point over a two- year period (2005-2007) .The effluents were analysed for physico-chemical parameters using standard methods. At  discharge point during dry and rainy seasons, the pH were acidic  (5.51 ± 0.16 to 6.46 ± 1.27 and 6.13 ± 0.96 to 6.80 ± 1.04).Total Dissolved Solid and Electrical Conductivity levels showed significant difference (p < 0.05) between seasons at discharge points and higher than permissible levels at upstream and downstream. Mean levels of Dissolved Oxygen (DO) were low at discharge points during the dry and rainy seasons (2.20 ± 0.66 to 3.93 ± 0.71 and 2.41 ± 0.30 to 2.83 ± 0.72). Biochemical Oxygen Demand and Chemical Oxygen Demand increased in the range of 579-1186 mg/L and 1247-2610mg/L respectively from March to July with low levels of DO ranging from 1.70 to 3.70 mg O2/L. Mean levels of Nitrate were within permissible limits downstream and upstream and higher in rainy than dry seasons at the discharge points. Sulphate levels detected were below WHO levels of 400mg/L while Chromium levels were above the limits of 0.05 mg/L. Mean levels of Phosphate at discharge points was higher (31.97 ±1.12mg/L) during dry season of the second year, and were also higher upstream and downstream than permissible limits. Manganese showed significant difference (p < 0.05) at the discharge points.  Downstream accumulations were relatively higher for Copper (4.04mg/L) and Manganese (4.10mg/L) in the dry season and Cadmium(5.93mg/L) in the rainy season. It showed that industrial wastewater majorly caused the stream to be polluted and unsuitable for drinking. The degradation of the water quality of proximate streams in the estate therefore needs preventive and remedial measures of combined central effluent and treatment plants in order to bring back the waters to a level before the pollution discharges.

Seasonal Impact of Ikeja Industrial Wastewaters on Water Quality of Proximate Iya Alaro River in Lagos, Nigeria

IJEPEM

Electrostatic precipitator (ESP) is efficient
pollution control equipment. This paper aims in designing of a low cost and
portable ESP for small scale industries for controlling the pollution. A
prototype of two stage ESP is developed with low cost, less weight and easily
available materials. Which can be used in boilers, hospitals and cooking
purposes. A pollution test is conducted on the prototype for verifying NO2
and CO2 emission by installing this ESP and verified.

Air Pollution Controlled Prototype Modelling of Electrostatic Precipitator for Small Scale Industries

During the activities of hospitals, medical waste is generated as a natural result of the process. Although medical wastes are produced as a result of activities to improve health quality, they have a high risk of health problems if they are not managed appropriately. More and more importance are given to medical waste management in terms of health risks in the world and in our country and academic studies are carried out in terms of the most appropriate disposal methods. Disposal methods in addition to the superiority of appropriate methods in eliminating health risks, disposal costs also require multidisciplinary management in order to impose financial burden on health institutions. University hospitals need management because of the environmental impacts they generate due to high rates of waste generation. The most important environmental risks arising from health institutions are medical and hazardous waste management problems. Wastes from university hospitals are grouped in terms of their nature and capability. Domestic wastes, packaging wastes, medical wastes, hazardous wastes, radioactive wastes, wastewater containing high concentrations of tissue and body fluids are produced from health institutions. Wastes from university hospitals are subject to waste management applied in other health institutions in that they are the same in character as wastes from health institutions. It is better to supervise and implement the management of wastes from university hospitals. Because large amounts of waste are produced, the results are more traceable and more appropriate in terms of results. In this study, besides the reduction of hospital-generated wastes, the studies carried out for the evaluation and the studies that can be done were evaluated.

An Investigation on The Reduction and Management of Medical Solid Wastes

Today, a vast range of slope stability analysis tools exist for both rock and mixed rocksoil slopes. As is well known, Rock mass classification systems (RMR, SMR,GSI, Q, CSMR..etc), can be used to assess rock slope stability, hence, this paper intended to employing SMR classification, to prove that a rigorous rock mass classification will give more reliable if uncertain parameters are dropped and considered indirectly. The present study was carried out of 14 rock cuts in which 3 different causes of instability (Planer, Wedge, Toppling) along Hadim – Gevne dam segment of the Konya –Alanya roadway,this road distingueshed with existence of different lithological units. However, the cut slopes are located within recrystallized limestone, hard to extremely hard and highly jointed. In order to determine engineering geological properties of the rocks exposed along the roadway, then assess stability of the cut slopes, fourteen cut slopes were detailed identified. During field investigation all field observations/measurements parameters were recorded, which involved a detailed discontinuity surveys discontinuity conditions, geometrical relationship between slope and rock discontinuities (dips angles and slope), slope excavation methods; and underground water condition. Based on the field observations, stability analyses of the cut slopes and SMR values concluded that the slopes can be categorized into partially stable (50%), unstable (30%) and completely unstable (20%) with probable planar failure mode (20%), toppling failure mode (27%) and wedge failure mode (53%) . To ensure slope stability of road cuts against failure, flattening with different angles, sometimes constructing rock block walls may also be adopted beneficially.

A Practical Classification to Sustainable Road Slope Stability Assessment, Alanya-Konya Roadway, Turkey: Case Study

The importance of nutritional support is increasing in determining the effectiveness of some nutrients used in nutrition or herbal products that are considered medically important in the prevention and treatment of diseases, providing consumer awareness and protecting our health. In this review, firstly information is given about pumpkin species and seeds eaten; the amount of these products in terms of nutritional support and living organisms. Pumpkin, seed, oil, seeds and wastes were evaluated with a different perspective.

Nutrients and Cucurbita Eaten from The Seed

This study presents the design of an LLC resonant converter as using the leakage inductance of the transformer instead of the inductance in the resonance tank. With serial resonant characteristics, the power MOSFETs are conducted at zero voltage switching and secondary diodes are commutating under soft switching, so the switching power losses on the semiconductor components are decreased. Using the proposed power stage and feedback control loop design considerations, the LLC resonant converter can achieve high power conversion efficiency and stability enhancement. This study provides the working principle of the resonant LLC converter topology by designing the simulation model.

Implementation of 480W LLC Resonant Converter

Due to population growth in the world and the collective lives of people, natural resources in the world are rapidly depleting or being recycled and becoming polluted. Pollutants can also pollute the atmosphere, especially the soil and water resources. On the other hand, sources contaminated with these pollutants also affect each other. Especially during the processing of mines and the production of new products, many metal derivatives are mixed with soil and water resources. Particularly, there are difficulties in removing the low concentration of metal pollution. In addition to the use of chemical methods in the treatment process, biological processes are also used in some studies. In this present study, the acorn cap which is one of the natural materials and LCAs can be used for the removal of copper ions which can be found in low concentrations in water sources. Furthermore, the adsorption process was investigated with SEM + EDX and XRD studies. Hence, oak acorn cap is a natural material, it has been seen that it can be used in sources that may be drinking water and success has been achieved.

Investigation of Cu metal adsorption using acorn caps obtained from Quercus robur L. #

Kinetics of reactions in soil and aquatic environments is of extreme importance to understand the fate of reactions take place in soil ecosystems. Most of the chemical processes that occur in these ecosystems are dynamic, and a knowledge of the mechanisms and kinetics of these reactions is fundamental. Moreover, to properly understand the fate of applied fertilizers, pesticides, organic and inorganic pollutants in soils with time, and to thus improve nutrient availability and the quality of our groundwater, one must study kinetics. This review article represents different mechanisms take place in Arid region in order to put the best management practices should be applied to minimize the hazards of these inorganic pollutants.

Rate process of potential toxic elements reactions in Arid region

Calcareous soils are soils rich of calcium carbonate which occur mainly in the arid and semi-arid subtropics of both hemispheres. The diagnostic horizon in the calcareous soil is the calcic horizon which contains more than 15% CaCO3 and has a depth of more than 15cm thick. Potential productivity of calcareous soils is relatively high where adequate water and nutrients can be supplied. Crusting of the surface may affect not only infiltration and soil aeration but also the emergence of seedlings. Cemented conditions of the subsoil layers may hamper root development and water movement characteristics.
Calcareous soils tend to be low in organic matter and available nitrogen. The high pH level results in unavailability of phosphate (formation of unavailable calcium phosphates as apatite) and usually reduced micronutrient availability, iron and zinc e.g. (lime induced chlorosis). There may be also problems of potassium and magnesium nutrition as a result of the nutritional imbalance between these elements and calcium.

Management of Calcareous Soils in Arid Region

The use of peanut and pistachio shells as an adsorbent for the removal of Brillant Blue and K-RED 198, Methylene Orange, and Methylene Blue was investigated. The commonly used isotherm models were applied for data obtained from further batch studies. Dye removal capacity is as follows 65% for Brillant Blue, 73 % for KRED 198. Methylene Orange and Methylene Blue were removed poorly for peanut and pistachio shell. Freundlich isotherm model were found to be the best fitted one and based on Freundlich isotherm model adsorption capacities were 4.58 mg/g for Brillant Blue and 4.33 mg/g for K-RED 198 at peanut shells and 4.04 mg/g for Brillant Blue and 4.64 mg/g for K-RED 198 at pistachio shells. Kinetic examinations were also carried out for two dyes tested and it was found that adsorption kinetic was best described by pseudo first-order kinetic model.

Textile dye removal from aqueous solution by using peanut and pistachio shells

The air quality of Dhaka has become severe due to numerous brick kilns, construction, demolition, biomass burning, heavy traffic, transboundary effect, etc. This study identified the relationship between the spatiotemporal variation of brick kilns with PM2.5 concentrations in three sub-districts of Dhaka, namely- Dhamrai, Savar, and Keraniganj. Spatial data retrieved from Google Earth for assessing the temporal changes of brick kilns and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data for PM2.5 collected from NASA online database. Remote sensing technique and ArcGIS 10.2.1 tool used for analyzing the spatiotemporal variability of PM2.5 concentrations. The results show that the number of brick kilns increased to 307, 497 and 551 in 2006, 2010 and 2018, respectively. Besides, the annual average of PM2.5 concentrations in Dhamrai sub-district was 58.6, 58.9 and 64.8 μg/m3, while 58.6, 58.2 and 64.5 μg/m3 in Savar and 57.7, 56.7 and 63.1 μg/m3 in Keraniganj in 2006, 2010 and 2016, respectively. The findings portray that PM2.5 concentration was almost three to four times higher than the Bangladesh National Ambient Air Quality Standard (BNAAQS) and World Health Organization (WHO) standards. Besides, there is an increasing trend has been found between concentration and brick kilns. Hence, standardization of the kiln efficiency through improved combustion techniques along with the promotion of sand bricks could be an effective solution to reduce emission from brick kilns in Bangladesh.

Spatiotemporal Variation of Brick Kilns and it’s relation to Ground-level PM2.5 through MODIS Image at Dhaka District, Bangladesh



In recent times, the
most commonly used herbicide for cleaning weeds in agricultural areas has been
based on 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), and increases in its
production is particularly alarming for the whole ecological system, especially
in terms of human health, and it needs to be removed from sources of water. To
achieve this, discrete 2,4-D removal by a sonocatalytic method (sonolysis with
a TiO2 catalyst) has been investigated. In this study, the
individual and synergic effects of a TiO2 dose, the pH, the time and
initial 2,4-D concentration factors were investigated. In addition, a Taguchi
statistical method was applied to optimize the effective parameters. As a
result of the study, it was observed that pH was the most effective parameter
for 2,4-D degradation. According to the results obtained from the Taguchi
statistical method, the optimum conditions for 2,4-D removal are A (pH) with a
value of 2 at level 1, B (TiO2 concentration) with a value of
0.5 g/L at level 2, C (initial 2,4-D concentration) with a value of 75 mg/L at
level 4 and D (time) with a value of 60 minutes at level 1. The results
presented by the theoretically predicted value for 100% degradation efficiency
were confirmed by the experimental values.



The Sonocatalytic Degradation of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) Herbicide Using Taguchi Experimental Design

This state of the art appraises the foremost recent pronouncements in the field of nanotechnology particularly their applications in farming. It covers diverse themes associated with nanotechnology. Nanotechnology was developed and materialized over a lengthy period of time. Actually, various sorts of nanoparticles liable to composition, size, form, and/or structure were described. Different ways and protocols were designed for synthesizing nanoparticles; the most common ones involved chemical, physical, green and/or biological conducts. However, the superiority of biological methods compared to chemical and physical methods was clarified. Additionally, yeasts display an imperative perform in manufacturing nanoparticles that conceived their cells might be the factory producing nanoparticles. The foremost important tools used for characterizing nanoparticles were mentioned in order that they could be employed to estimate their differential futures and characteristics. Fundamentals of some nanoparticle biotechnological synthesis mechanisms were represented in order that they could be exploited to illustrate; optimize and maximize the nanoparticles biosynthesizing process. Several verified nanotechnological structure outputs were applied in farming represented, such as nanobiosensors, nanopesticides, nanocapsules as the sake of the efficient delivery of agrochemicals, plant disease, and weed control agents, nanofertilizers and nanostructures as detoxifying or remediating pollutants, as well as nanotechnological structure material safety aspects.

Nanotechnology Applications in Agriculture (Review Article)

Biological substances in the aerosols have important impacts on public health and include bacteria, fungi, etc. that they can be toxigenic, allergenic and/or infectious. These substances can be originated from either natural sources such as evaporated sea spray, windborne pollen, dust, and other geothermal eruptions or from anthropogenic sources, like various industrial and man-made processes. One of the usual and daily man-made processes is tobacco smoke. To investigate the outdoor microbial activity and effect of tobacco smoke on outdoor air, culturable microbial activity, and diversity were measured in smoking and non-smoking outdoor sites. Outdoor air samples collected with manual aerosol samplers in Florya, Istanbul (Turkey) during three months in the winter of 2015-16. Average microorganism concentrations were varied 33-200 CFU/m3 and 2-120 CFU/m3 for smoking area and non-smoking area, respectively. The most dominant species were bacillus, staphylococcus and mold.

Assessment of Outdoor Bioaerosols In Megacity Istanbul-Turkey and Its Relation with Tobacco Smoke

Urban areas become more prone to flood disasters due to the rapid urbanization with increasing rate of impermeable layers. Integrated green infrastructure is one of the most effective tools for stormwater management and runoff reduction in urban areas. Identification of flood-prone regions is crucial for flood mitigation. Improving permeable paving and sustainable drainage system can reduce floods in urban areas. In this study, Barış Street in Selçuklu district of Konya is selected for stormwater drainage design using rational method. The study area is very well developed in terms of constructed buildings, but there is lack of green infrastructure. Hence, this area might be prone to urban flood. Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) curves were used for the intensity determination. Seven different periods of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50,100 and 200 years were selected for stormwater drainage design. Rainfall intensity determination was based on 15 minutes of duration. Rain yield was calculated for each period. The pipe diameter for drainage system was calculated for the selected periods according to partially full pipe flow rate of 60%. As a result; 400 mm diameter for 2 years, 500 mm diameter for 5, 10, 25 years and 600 mm diameter for 50, 100, 200 years return periods have been found. Considering the increasing impacts of climate change, 600 mm of pipe diameter for Barış Street in Selçuklu district of Konya would be appropriate for the urban drainage system.

Urban Drainage Design According to Turkish Rainwater Harvesting and Disposal Guideline

This study is interested in the degradation of the water quality of the alluvial aquifer of Guerrara region, Algeria, and examines the processes that affect the physicochemical and hydrodynamic quality of the waters of this surface water table. 30 water samples were taken in October 2011, 18 in April 2012, 30 in October 2012 and 30 in April 2013. It is a hydro-chemical and hydrodynamic (piezometric) study of groundwater. The parameters studied are EC, pH, mineralization, total hardness and the ionic balance of the water. The physico-chemical study of the waters indicates a great variability of the EC of the water in time and space, with values varying from 0.91 to 11.63 dS / m (October 2011) and from 2.25 to 19.04 dS/m (April 2013). the pH is slightly alkaline, with values changing from 7.4 to 8.4 (October 2011) and from 6.51 to 7.61 (April 2013). The chemical facies of waters is chlorinated and sulphated, and the most represented facies is the sulphated sodium facies. The piezometric study of the aquifer over four companions of monitoring shows that the direction of flow is from South West to North East in a general way. Seasonal fluctuations in the piezometric surface oscillate between 0.2 and 5 m. These fluctuations are subject to the climatic characteristics of the region: low rainfall and high evaporation on the one hand, and on the other hand, and pumping.

Hydrochemical and Piezometric Study of The Alluvial Aquifer of The Guerrara Region, Algeria

Unlike mainstream Western ethics, African environmental ethics recognizes the interconnectedness and interdependence of all beings than individuality of being. This implies that Africans have often lived in peace and harmony with nature, realizing that the environment is keyed to life and that everything possesses intrinsic value. It is on the strength of the prevailing observations that this paper is geared toward unraveling African philosophy of environment and in the process argued that Africans indeed do have a philosophy of environment due to their respect and oneness to both the living and nonliving components within the ecosystem. This paper employs the method of exposition, critical analysis as well as argumentation to prove that indeed, Africans have good intentions of taking care of the environment and not abuse it. This is evident in some of their cultural heritage where during some planting seasons, some lands are left fallow for some years to avoid excessive use that leads to erosion, also, many forests and groves are tagged ‘taboo’ to scare away people in order to preserve them as well as the other non-humans beings in the forest.

Towards an African Philosophy of Environment

African societies are becoming aware of the shortcomings of Western capitalist value system, because of its aftermath on individual, society, and environment. Many of African conservationist values, moral attitudes and ways of life have been destroyed by the exploitative capitalist ethos of European colonialism and modernity. Three decades of African countries trying to build their economies like the Western models have left her people wallowing in poverty, and her environment exposed to hazards. With this new imbibed Western values, Africa population will continue to rise, as well as innovation in science and technology, thus, there is a growing need to put adequate measures in place against further environmental degradation. This paper tends to show the ethical implication of environmental crises on African societies. It concludes with the need for Africans to jettison western anthropocentric, capitalist and individualist value for her communal value. This paper further acknowledges that due to modernity, African value systems such as taboo and totems are being outdated. This paper proposed that scientific methods of environmental conservation and Christian ethics in the spirit of African communitarianism can go a long way in curbing ecological problems within the continent. This work is carried out with the philosophical method of analysis and exposition.

Ethical Implication of Environmental Crises on African Societies A Challenge to Future Humanity.

This work is an examination of Peter Singer’s notion of speciesism: case for animal rights in Ejagham culture. It primarily deals with an evaluation of the phenomenon of Animal rights from the standpoint of Peter Singer’s notion of speciesism. Singer’s notion of speciesism deals with the moral obligation humans owe to animals as against the bias or prejudice that human animals have greater moral worth than non-human animals. Most opponents of speciesism contends that, animals are not members of the moral community as such humans have no moral obligation to them. Contrary to this view, proponents of speciesism argue that animals are capable of suffering and should be considered morally. Thus, the emphasis here is that just like many societies of the world, the Ejagham people are guilty of speciesism. Among the several ways by which speciesism is practiced, this work identifies hunting, deforestation, bush burning and fishing as ways by which the Ejagham people are guilty. Using the tool of critical analysis, evaluation and prescription, this work submits that animals have interest, as such, should be granted rights.

Singer’s Notion of Speciesism: A Case for Animal Rights in Ejagham Culture

The world's attention has been drawn towards the urgent need for the preservation and maintenance of the environment as it is faced with the daunting phenomena called Global Warming and Environmental Degradation. The urgency for dealing with this situation is very much needed in Africa. This recent global challenge demands that everybody has to work together in checking the looming and preventable environmental disaster. In this light therefore, this paper attempts to bring to the fore some potentials that children as integral part of African society have to become environmentalists for the benefit of the present and future environmental preservation and development. Involving African children in environmental protection and development projects is a mission towards ensuring environmental development and sustainability. This paper frowns at the belief that African children are minors and therefore, should be left out of what is termed by adults as ‘serious issues’. It argues that African children are symbols of the future in every society; therefore, any society that leaves them out of development issues is visionless. The germane concern of this paper is to explicate the pedagogy of how African children can be factored into veritable tools for environmental maintenance and sustainability via the learning by drama approach of Theatre for Development. One major finding in this research is that children can learn, understand, and appreciate intellectual issues concerning their environment, its preservation and protection. Children also demonstrated their potentials to impart knowledge about their environment to other children.

Training Children Environmentalists in Africa: The Learning by Drama Method

The purpose of this study is to scrutinize Enyimba’s theory of Madukakism as a philosophy of being human within the African framework and to show its implication to African environmental ethics. Enyimba’s theory Madukakism as a philosophy of being human is founded on the notion of Madukaku. Drawn from the Igbo ontological worldview, Madukaku avers that “man is supreme”, as such, possess strong anthropocentric implication on African worldview. Enyimba Maduka’s position seems logical as it draws its inspiration from the place of humans in the ecosystem and African ontology. This paper argues that although human occupies a central position to preserve, care and tend nature for the unity and balance of the ontology and ecosystem, it is perceived as anthropoholism. It is anthro-poholism because, despite man’s central role (Anthropo), man is just a part of the (whole) environment, as such cannot exist outside the environment, and cannot be understood without allusion to the environment (Holism). This research is carried out with the philosophical method of analysis.

Enyimba’s Notion of Madukaku and The Question of Anthropocentricism In African Environmental Ethics

This paper on “Outlines of the Environmental Ethics of the Ofutop People” posits that there is a latent conservation ethic in the cultural beliefs and practices of the Ofutop tribe of Ikom Local Government Area of Cross River State, Nigeria. Taboos, totems, and religious regulations featured prominently in this ecological model and these practices helped the conservation of the environment even though the aim was not ecocentric from the onset. It is argued here that this shortcoming can be remedied by making the practices more ecocentric than anthropocentric but leaving the practices as an indigenous means of environmental conservation. This paper adopted an expository and analytic approach in highlighting the environmental conservation practices of the Ofutop people especially in relationship with modern theories of environmental ethics.

Outlines of the Environmental Ethics of the Ofutop People

The paper, Some Indigenous Solutions to African Environmental Problems: An Appraisal, was written to examine the relevance of African Environmental Philosophies to addressing African environmental problems. African environmental problems include: water pollution, air pollution, land pollution, climate change, flood and many more. Researchers have shown that these problems are caused by phenomena like coal mining, nuclear waste, deforestation, overfishing, wars, and industrial agriculture soil waste pollution. It is a known fact that attempts have been made over the years to resolve these problems, with pockets of successes, yet more needs to be done. Nigeria’s Niger Delta Development Commission, Kenya’s Biosafty Act 2009, The National Environment Policy of Ghana, Oil Pipeline Act 2004, Nuclear Safety and Radiation Protection Act 2004 are a good example of such attempts with pockets of successes and challenges. This work used the methods of rational speculation and critical analysis to examine aboriginal approaches to resolving African environmental challenges as recorded in Mark Omorovie Ikeke’s Philosophical Consciences, Caroline N. Mbonu’s Ecospiritualism, Thaddeus Metz’s Model Relationalism, and Chimakonam Jonathan Okeke’s Ohanifism. This work charged African environmental policymakers, Lecturers, and Students with the responsibility to understand and apply the theoretical foundation for sustainable living as recorded in the above philosophies. There is a time when Africans must use indigenous African methods and principles to proffer solutions to African environmental problems. That time is now!

Some Indigenous Solutions to African Environmental Problems: An Appraisal

The negative effect of human’s exploitative activities on the non-human aspects of the environment has become increasingly alarming. There is an ever growing need for the development and subsequent sustenance of the virtues of our environment. Mankind and other elements of the environment need each other in order to attain this all important environmental vision. Hence, this paper uses the Igbo maxim “Egbe bere ugo bere” as a springboard to articulate a philosophy of environmental conservation that is succinct and enduring in its effort to broker equilibrium between humans and other elements of the environment. It emphasizes the point that any of humans or other elements of the environment that refuses to accommodate the other will as a matter of necessity suffer the consequences. Employing the methods of critical analysis, conversational thinking, conceptual analysis and deduction, the paper demonstrates the fact that aspects of the environment beside humans need to be given the opportunity not only to exist, but also to live and fulfill the essence of their being. It is a call for sustainable development of the environment through a symbiotic interaction between humans and other elements of the environment.

Environmental Sustainability and Development in Africa: An “Egbe bere ugo bere” Approach.

Ever since nonhuman entity along with the environment became a major ethical issue, anthropocentric worldviews have been blamed for all that is morally wrong about our dealings with nature. Those who regard themselves as non-anthropocentrists/ holistic scholars typically assume that the West’s anthropocentric axiologies and ontologies instigate all of the environmental degradations associated with human species. In contrast, a handful of environmental philosophers aver that anthropocentrism is entirely acceptable as a foundation for environmental ethics as human’s perspective cannot be entirely removed from the decision-making process. They often argue that it is possible for the man to act responsibly towards the environment for humanity and its future generation. Thus, there is an ever-present tension between anthropocentrism and holism, with each side trying to dominate each other. In my opinion, these extreme views are lump sided, as such lack room for tolerance. The thrust of this paper is to bridge the gap between these ethical theories with the theory of ‘anthropoholism’. Anthropoholism is a thesis in environmental ethics that acknowledges man (anthropo) values, role in the ecosystem as well as the ontology, but argues that despite this position, man is just a part of nature, such that he cannot exist independently of the environment, or can he be understood without reference to the environment. With this, the theory of anthropoholism is able to bridge the gap between the two extreme views by explaining the connection between them. With the philosophical method of exposition and critical analysis, this work is carried out.

‘Anthropoholism’ As An Authentic Tool For Environmental Management

The activities of man and other beings on a daily basis has been the primordial antecedence for the negative changes experienced in the environment today. Nature in its rudimentary state was harmless and friendly to man and its inhabitants. But owing to the egocentric approaches of man towards the environment, fundamentally for the purpose of earning a living and advancing development, man manipulates every available resources to his favor including the environment. These egomaniacal demeanor has propelled the once harmless nature to react against human beings, causing socio-economic and psychological damages. Climate change to this end has been defined as a change in oceans, land surfaces and ice sheets occurring overtime scales of decades or longer. It expresses itself in the evidence differentiation from the usual sun radiation, volcanoes, internal virility in climate system or human system. The twenty first century is facing the boomerang of the human seeds sown on the climate. It becomes imperative for Africans to align with the rest of the world in fashioning out an approach to tackle climate change and other related environmental issues, and curb the present and predicted damages. To this end the paper proposes Innocent Asouzu’s complementary Noetic Propaedeutic principle as the viable prognosis towards fostering environmental peace, mutual co-existence with all other beings within the horizon to bring about climate change. The paper explores the philosophical methods of analysis and prescription in its research.

Ibuanyidanda Neotic Propaedeutic Principle as an Afrocentric Environmental Prognosis to the Problems of Climate Change in the Twenty First Century

African ontological discourse revolves around a few principles, the interrelatedness of being, what is variously interpreted as communalism, ubuntu, Holism, communitarianism etc. This is the view that every being in the world, animate and inanimate are interconnected into a whole. This makes it possible for African environmental attitude to claim to be holistic. Since we are one, we care for each other, humans care for animals, plants, and mountains not because of what to gain from them but because we are the same and harming the river is same as harming oneself. The weakness of seeing African environmental ethics as only holistic is that it is not African enough as the paper will argue. The second principle in African ontological discourse is the human being. This principle has made scholars like Callicott and even some African scholars to describe African environmental ethics as anthropocentric. The paper also argues that branding African environmental ethics anthropocentric is not African enough. This is because Africans live in an interconnected world, comprising both the living, the dead and nature. Humans are only one privileged part of the whole and this is because of her obligatory role to nature and the world as a result of her capabilities. Through the method of analysis, the paper argues that a plausible African environmental ethics will be one that will blend the holistic nature of the African ontology and its pride of place given to humans. It will be discovered that obligatory anthropoholism can comfortably blend these two principles without necessarily being anthropocentric.

An Investigation of Obligatory Anthropoholism as Plausible African Environmental Ethics

Indications of serious changes in the world's climate have been evident over the past few decades. Recently, studies have shown how grave the problem is, as well as the magnitude of its negative impacts on all sectors of development. According to these studies, human activity has led to a rise in the earth's average temperature at a rate of 0.3 to 0.4 degrees every 10 years, which is unprecedented in recorded history. This rapid and continuous rise in temperature has been traced to the increase in greenhouse gases in the earth's atmosphere. Projections made by the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) indicate an expected rise in average temperatures of between 2.0 to 4.5 0C by the end of the present century. A rise in sea levels of between 9 to 59cm is also projected, which would lead to unprecedented changes in an environment that has remained stable over many eras. The high increase in the population growth rate and rapid spread of urbanization in Egypt are the cause for concern due to the resultant increase in air and water pollution. Population growth has obviously intensified demand for resources, including water, energy, and waste disposal and sewage services. The rise in temperature is expected to further exacerbate the dearth in drinking water, increase pressure on land resources, and lead to a rise in the incidence of sand and dust storms. Furthermore, the global rise in sea levels added to expected local land subsidence (a result of tectonic movements and continued pumping of petroleum and ground water, estimated at another 30cm within the next 100 years), will lead to a loss of many low-lying coastal areas and to salt water intrusion into a number of coastal wells. The combined effect will also lead to a rise in the water table in coastal regions that would ruin the agricultural productivity of low- lying areas. The adverse effects of climate change also include an increase in the frequency and severity of sandstorms, and longer periods of drought followed by more intense flooding. This is expected to lead to public health problems, including the spread of epidemics, especially in poorer regions.

Impact of the Global Climate Change on Land Degradation in Egypt

Fire disaster caused by various reasons leads a serious damage to buildings and loss of life. Although buildings are constructed according to the regulations, fire disasters can cause serious damage to buildings. In some cases, it may be necessary to repair and strengthen the structural elements that are partially damaged in fire exposed structures. In this study, investigation and research based of column and beam reinforcement of burned area as the result fire breakout during concrete pouring at a 9th floor of reinforced concrete structure was discussed. During the analysis carried out, it was aimed to strengthen the damaged elements also not to overdesign lower floor column sections of the column load flow between the floors and to complete the reinforcement on the damaged floor. For this purpose, the column sections are modeled in one and two variables linear.

Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete Structures Exposed to Fire

The assessment of air quality involves the collection of data from different monitoring stations that record daily the concentration of major pollutants: carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, ozone, and nitrogen dioxide. for this study we used the data collected in the stations of Nicosia 0011, Kyrenia 0021, Famagusta 0031, Alevkayasi 0041, Nicosia 0051, Teknecik1 0061, teknecik2 0071, Kalecik 0081, Morphou 0091 and we could evaluate the quality of the air by interpreting the results of the collected data.

Environmental Assessment of Criteria Pollutants in the Atmosphere of Northern Cyprus

Most algae are fundamentally autotrophic (obtaining all their materials from inorganic sources) and photosynthetic generating complex carbon compounds from carbon dioxide and light energy. Some algae have become secondarily heterotrophic, taking up complex organic molecules by organotrophy or heterotrophy, but still retaining fundamental genetic affinities with their photosynthetic relatives. They organisms included both prokaryotes (cells lacking a membrane bound nucleus) and eukaryotes (cells with a nucleus plus typical membrane-bound organelles). They are abundantly found in environmental extremes of temperature, pH, salt concentration, and radiation. The cultivation of algae can make an important contribution to the transition to a more sustainable society or bio based economy. Algae are not only suitable for environmentally friendly production of many commodities, but also for the use of waste streams. They grow excellent on e.g. carbon dioxide from flue gases, residual water of agro-industrial companies and even diluted digestate from manure. In return they produce valuable raw materials. Algae recycle nutrients that thus remain available in the nutrient cycle, instead of being wasted and pollute the water. The algal cell contains many useful substances and microalgae are cultivated increasingly for the production of valuable raw materials such as oil, proteins, starch, agar, carrageenan, Alginate, pigments (e.g., beta-carotene) and different pharmaceutical products so that the commercial applications of these materials are numerous.

Commercial Bio- products from Algal Biomass



Nowadays, in many regions of the world face to drought problems that directly affect the agricultural production due to water deficiency or some conditions that cause the depletion of the existing water resources. In these water deficit areas, the use of wastewater for agricultural irrigation could contribute to decrease water shortage, protect surface and groundwater resources and supports the agricultural industries. In this study, in order to assess wastewater from textile industry could be used safely to irrigate ‘Golden Delicious’ apple seedlings grafted onto an MM 106 parent, a pot experiment in glass house was conducted in a sand clay loam soil (pH=7.22) from Bolu province. Municipal water (T0) prepared as a control sample, 1/3 diluted (T1) and raw textile wastewaters (T2) were applied to investigate the effects of irrigation treatments by measuring soil and leaves chemical properties. Although the Electrical Conductivity (EC) (4 dS/m) and pH values (8.5) at the end of the experiment were lower than the critical value in all the irrigated samples, the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) values were higher than 13 in T1 and T2. The cubic model was determined to be suitable for the shoot lengths of the apple saplings irrigated with T0, T1 and T2 and R2 values could be obtained as 0.987, 0.987 and 0.992, respectively. This study clearly demonstrated that textile wastewater at appropriate dilutions could be used for irrigation in agricultural fields.



The Effect of Irrigation by Textile Wastewater on the Growth of MM106 Apple Sapling and Soil



 Theory to apply Raman spectroscopy and infra red emission spectroscopy
for pollution control has been presented. 
This theory applies wave numbers with strong intensities obtained in
outputs of these two spectroscopy methods to find energies required to
decompose materials.  It has been
suggested that this theory should be applied as a quality checking in
production of materials to control pollution over materials which need
decomposition.



Application of Raman Spectroscopy to Pollution Control Using Wave Numbers



The root cause of the most important issues facing humanity today could
be traced back to environmental mismanagement or inequality. Thus, the aim of
this paper is to examine the dynamic relationship between economic growth and
air pollution in Canada using cointegration tests, vector error correction
models and causality tests on annual data from 1960 to 2014. The cointegration tests reveal that there is a
long-run relationship between economic growth, trade and air pollution in
Canada. The results also show that in the long-run, economic growth and trade
respectively have a positive and a negative impact on air pollution. The vector
error correction models reveal that the coefficient associated with the error
correction term is negative and significant. This means that, any shock
disturbing the long-run equilibrium between economic growth, trade and air
pollution will be corrected at a speed of 10 percent per year. As for the
causality analyses, they show that economic growth does not cause air pollution
in Canada.



Economic Growth and Air Pollution Dynamics: The Case of Canada



In this work, the effect of equal or different temperature variations
investigated for varying cross-sectioned plain element by employing matrix
displacement methods. Necessary basic stiffness coefficients for stiffness
matrices of frame elements and fixed end moments were obtained analytically and
by using Romberg integration methods. Thus, use of table and charts is not
needed. At the end of this work an example of varying cross-sectioned frame
under equal and different temperature variation was solved by using a program
which was prepared in BASIC language.



An Analysis of The Effect of Different and Equal Temperature Variation on Variable Cross-Sectioned Beams



Air pollution levels shows the
interaction between the particles like dust, gas, smoke, water vapor, odor and
many chemicals that presence in the amount of damage to living organisms and
damage the materials. Various types of air pollutants in the atmosphere forms
naturally or by human source activities the appearance of the air depends on
the state of pollution. Particulate matter is one of these pollutants which has
a significant effect on human health. It has the ability to stay in the air for
a long period or even weeks, and because of its small size and lightweight, it
can move to around very long distances. This study was carried out in the city
center of Konya considering shopping centers as a measuring points to monitor
the relationship between concentrations of PM2.5 and the change of climatic
factors for different seasons. We took different points and at different
location to measure PM pollution indoors. The highest values for summer season were
obtained at location AB (1739 mg/mᵌ), (1653 mg/mᵌ) at location B1, for
autumn&nbsp; the same values were observed at
location AB nearby (3785 mg/mᵌ) while the concentrations at location B1 did not
exceed (3302 mg/mᵌ). These two points were record the maximum values and the
reasons generally were about that the places did not contain fans or ventilation
areas in addition to the large number of visitors.



Measurements of Ambient Particle Material Level in Shopping Centers in Konya City



The aim of this work is to measure in field experiment the distribution
of potential toxic elements PTE's Cu, Ni and Zn in sewaged soil after
application of chemical remediation technique represented by probentonite,
bioremediation technique as thiobacillus thiooxidant, Mycorrhyzal (AM) conidia,
and mixture of this treatments (PBC) applied before the plantation of Canola
(Brassica Napus, L.), Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea Czern.) and Black
nightshade (Solanum nigrum L) as a hyper accumulated plants. The obtained
results showed that phytoremediation technique applied individually increased
the readily available form after remediation arranged as canola&gt; black
nightshade&gt; Indian mustard, meanwhile the application of Probentonite with
phyto-accumulation plants increased the residual form in soil system. In the
case of bioremediation materials applied, data showed decreasing in both
readily and hardly available forms with margin increasing in moderately
available forms. The final conclusion of this work documented as the
application of PCB technique could be the best management practices in
minimizing Zn equivalent to the save level. Different mechanisms of the
remediation materials actions were discussed.



Potential Toxic Elements Distribution Based on Interplay between Pollutants and Biochemical Remediative Amendments



Environmental pollution becomes
an important paradigm in our society to reservation of the environment.
Worldwide, concerns have been voiced about numerous soil and water
contaminants. The concern comes from the fact that the magnification of very
small amounts of these pollutants have resulted in adverse effects on bio-systems.
The increasing use of heavy metal-contaminated sewage sludge as agricultural
fertilizer, these elements may pass into the soil solution where plant uptake
or leaching to groundwater can contaminate the food chain. Several cleanup
methods have been investigated, which can be divided into two groups: those
that remove contaminants and those that transform pollutants into harmless
forms (immobilization) by fixation, oxidation, etc. These cleanup technologies
can be applied on- or off-site, utilizing three kinds of remediation
treatments: biological, physical, and chemical techniques. It is most
convenient to divide them into three major categories: first, electro kinetic methods, second chemical
methods such as solidification, precipitation, or ion exchange, and third, biological methods, which use
plants or microorganism to remove heavy metals. In the past few years,
innovative approaches such as passive treatment technologies
for soil and groundwater contaminations have been developed. The following
state of art introduces the various remediation technologies applied in
contaminated soil systems with comments about the best of these technologies
should be applied under Egyptian conditions to minimize their injures.



Modern Technologies in Remediation of Heavy Metals in Soils



This study presents a
contribution to the knowledge some the systematics and ecological data on the
species true bugs (Hemiptera) collected in some ecosystems in Fieri region.

The collection of
biological material is performed during the period 2016-2017 in 6 stations. In
this study we report for Fieri’s stations 110 individuals, 24 species, 21 genus
and 10 families. 

By analyzing the
collected material, the Miridae is the most represented family with 5 species
and a frequency of 20.8% and with 5 genus or 23.8%.

Habitats of Zharrzës
station are represented by more species than the other stations, with 10
species or 41.6%. This indicates that these habitats are comparatively more
favorable, creating optimal environmental conditions for these species. 

Based on the Jaccard
Index of Similarity Coefficient, Zharrëz and Ardenica habitats have 3 species
in common, and&nbsp; a higher similarity
coefficient than the other areas (23.03%), showing a similarity of the
ecological factors between these stations, which means a similarity between
these habitats.



Some Systematics and Ecological Data for True Bugs (Hemiptera) in Some Habitats in Fieri



The occurrence of
haloacetic acids (HAAs) was studied in the drinking water samples from Gharbiya
governorate water treatment plants and its water supply network that served
more than 5 million people. Drinking water disinfection by-products are formed
when a disinfectant reacts with natural organic matter and/or bromide/iodide
present in a raw water source.&nbsp;
Trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids are the two most prevalent classes
of DBPs and are regulated by the US Environmental Protection Agency as well as
being subject to World Health Organization guidelines due to their potential
health risk. Drinking water samples were collected from 4 sites monthly over
one year (2017-2018). The aims of the present study are to investigate the
levels of HAAs in Gharbiya governorate (middle of Delta Egypt) drinking water. monochloroacetic
acid ranged from 6.8 to 32.5 µg/L, dichloroacetic acid ranged from 9.8 to 43.7
µg/L, and the trichloroacetic acid ranged from 6.5 to 31.8 µg/L, the minimum
values observed during winter 2018 and the maximum value observed during summer
2017., The HAAs species values were complying with the Egyptian standard
(Ministerial Decree No.458/2007) and as well as WHO 2012) standards for
drinking water.



Evaluation of the Levels of Haloacetic acids in Gharbiya Governorate, Egypt



While the use of
sewage sludge is common for agriculture application in worldwide, the case is
reverse in in Turkey. Incentive studies will be made about the use of sewage
sludge in agriculture land, country economy will be improved and disposal of sewage
sludge will be provided in Turkey. In addition, as a result of unsuitable
production techniques on agricultural land, the soil loses with its elements
which are important for the plant growth in the course of time, leading to
inefficiency of the soil. The most important reason for this inefficiency
arises from the release of atmospheric carbon. In this context, the use of
sewage sludge in agriculture can regulate the structure of the soil as well as
provide the disposal of sewage sludge. Since the nutrient elements in the
sludge contain the necessary elements for the soil which they can regulate the
structure of the land. The use of this sewage sludge in agriculture will make
the land in the inadequate regions more efficient in terms of organic matter
for the soil.



Utilization of Wastewater Treatment Sludge and Agricultural Wastes Together as A Compost



Classical designs for electrostatic precipitators in
industries use high voltage current.  A
new design is proposed for charging sections by using properties of materials
used for thermocouples.  This design uses
materials which are being used for thermocouples in constructing champers of
electrostatic precipitators.   This
design does not require high voltage current.



New Design for Charging Section of Electrostatic Precipitators Using Thermocouple Principle for Air Pollution Control



In Egypt, rice (Oryza sativa) is a major crop in terms of total production and it
is considered the third most important grain crop in all over the world behind
wheat and corn. Rice production is associated with large quantities of straw,
which traditionally have been removed by the practice of open field burning.
However, burning of the agricultural residues especially in Egypt, particularly
rice straw (about 3 million tons per year) lead to what is known locally as
“Black Cloud” in the media. This work aims to document the problems take place
from Rice straw burning like potentially harmful effects on people's health,
especially for those with sensitive eyes and respiratory problems,
environmental impacts represented by increasing of global methane emission
rates from rice fields and solutions represented by best management practices
should be applied for rice straw annually produced under national and
international scales. 



Utilization of Rice Straw as a Low-Cost Natural By-Product in Agriculture



Nanotechnology is considered
the future of the world in most physics and chemical solutions that cannot be
applied in many scale level. This review aimed to highlight the different uses
of nanotechnology in industrial waste water treatment system because it is very
important issue to protect the environment from the different liquid industrial
pollutants. Nanoparticles is deﬁned by some as nanomaterials, and these
materials has unusual properties not present in ordinary materials. Nano,
typically employed as a preﬁx, is deﬁned as one billionth of a quantity or term
that is represented mathematically 10 9-. Generally, refers to the
processes that produces and use matter at the nanometre level. From the review
Nano-technology can be used to minimize the cost, accelerate the process and
improve the efficiency of industrial waste water treatment. Nanoparticles found
to be one of the best solution in the field of industrial waste water
treatment.&nbsp;



Selected Nanotechnology Applications in Industrial Waste Water Treatment: A Review



This study covers the
investigation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) pollution in Pazarsuyu
Stream which is located in East-Black Sea Basin. 14 PAHs analyzes were
performed on water samples taken from a station on the Pazarsuyu Stream every
month, covering the period of February 2017 - December 2017. The results of PAH
analysis were evaluated according to annual average and maximum values of PAH
parameters given in Water Quality Regulation. The results of the analysis
showed that PAHs values change periodically, especially the amount of PAH
increases in rainy periods. According to the results, it was seen that 5 PAH
parameters (benzo (b) floranten, benzo (k) floranten, benzo (a) piren, benzo
(g,h,i) perilen ve indeno piren) among 14 PAH parameters, exceeded the annual
mean values given in Water Quality Regulation.



Investigation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) Pollution in Pazarsuyu Stream (Giresun, Turkey)



This study covers the
investigation of heavy metal pollution in Karadere Stream which is located in
Trabzon, East-Black Sea Basin. 10 heavy metal parameters (Pb, Zn, Cr, Fe, Cu,
Ni, Al, As, B and Ba) were analysed on water samples taken from two stations on
Karadere Stream every month, covering the period of February 2017 - July 2017.
The results of heavy metal analysis were evaluated according to maximum values
given in Water Quality Regulation. The results of the analysis showed that Fe,
Cu and Al values were exceeded the limit values for both station. The heavy
metal pollution index model was found useful to assess the overall pollution
level with respect to heavy metals and the values were found above the critical
pollution index value of 100 for both station.



Investigation of Heavy Metal Pollution in Karadere Stream (Trabzon, Turkey) By Using Heavy Metal Pollution Index Model



Air pollution is one
of the fundamental environmental problems of the industrialized world due to
its adverse effects on all organisms. Several institutions warn that there
exist serious air pollution in many regions of the world. When all devastating
effects of air pollutants considered, it is crucial to create valid models to
predict air pollution levels in order to determine future concentrations or to
locate pollutant sources. These models may provide policy implications for
governments and central authorities in order to prevent the excessive pollution
levels. Though there are a number of attempts to model pollution levels in the
literature, recent advances in deep learning techniques are promising more
accurate prediction results along with integration of more data.  In this study, a detailed research about
modelling with deep learning architectures on real air pollution data is given.
With the help of this research we attempt to develop air pollution
architectures with deep learning in future and enhance the results further with
insights from recent advances of deep learning research such as Generative
Adversarial Networks (GANs), where two competing networks are working against
each other, one for creating a more realistic data and the other one to predict
the state.   



Air Pollution Modelling with Deep Learning: A Review



With advancing and changing technology in the world,
many progress has been achieved in many areas, a progress which is known as
industry 4.0, in which the Internet and communication are involved. In addition
to the benefits of technology, it also affects the sustainability of many
reasons, such as the limitations of natural resources, population growth,
ecologically produced waste, cost and the inability of people to keep up with
technology. The sustainability of local products necessitated the promotion of
gastronomic sustainability. In our work, this fast change from the gastronomic
point of view is taking place from 1 to 4.



Gastronomy Four Zero (4.0)



Through a series of researches and field sampling
within the Preajba River Basin, in 2011, we identified the Chilodonella cyprini
parasite in carp (Cyprinus carpio), this parasite, being the most frequent and
dangerous ectoparasite of the ciliated protozoa. The presence of the parasite
in tegument level was revealed by cleaning the scales and microscopic
visualization.



Studies of Chilodonella Cyprini Sin. (Piscicola) Infection (Chilodonellidae, Chilodonella) In the Preajba Valley River Basin (Romania)



The study is performed
in Elbasani region; cities in which many biological studies carried out in
recent years. Palynological information featured in this paper are provided in
earth depositions of last XX centuries - last Quaternary or last period of New
Holocene.

Through this study we
try to provide paleopalynological information for the layout of this family
during Holocene period, for the geographical location in which the Elbasan city
is located. 

The goal of this
presented paper is to provide information about the Holocene distribution of
Caryophyllaceae spores and pollens, bearing in mind that different ground
depths correspond to certain time periods. For this purpose, we taken different
sediment samples in each station, every 25 cm from the surface up to 4 m
deepness. Approximate data about sedimentation rate are given, from about 1.87
mm/yr (during 1500 years at the Basilica of Bezistani) and up to 2.5 mm/year at
the depths 2.8-4 m (0-V centuries). 

Paleopalynological
information given for this family are provided for the first time exclusively
in this work and does not exist any similar work of this nature and for this
family in the Albanian Palinology literature. 

Sample treatment and
microscopic examinations were carried on at the Study University “La Sapienza”,
Rome. Survey and palynomorphs photos it was carried on using Motic BA310
microscopes with 1000x magnification.

In conclusion we can
say that the data provided is sufficiently clear for the Holocene layout of
this family.



Caryophyllaceae Holocene Layout in Elbasan City – Albania



Microbiological
features given in this survey are received in Elbasani town, ancient and
significant town positioned in central Albania. It is one of the largest cities
of Albania, with a population of around 140000 and an area of 900 km². It lies
down along Shkumbini River at elevation around 150 m above sea level. Microbiological
data on air pollution are given in this study, focusing on the choice of
stations to be in different areas and key points of the Elbasan city, thus
attempting to contaminate microbiological areas. In recent years, mainly in the
last two decades, many microbiological studies have been conducted for the
Elbasan city.

The purpose of this
study is to present the current state of microbiological contamination of air
as an important parameter with a direct impact on the health of the population
of Elbasani town. For this purpose, we have received multiple samples with
representatives of M.P.A. and Czapek from three stations, during a three-month
period of 2017. Laboratory sample processing as well as microscopic observation
were performed in "Aleksander Xhuvani" University, Elbasan.

We think that emphasis
should be placed on the fact that the Elbasani town has been dominated by a
significant microbiological contamination, which comes mainly from different
markets of food and industrial character. In our point of view, interesting
data were found that clearly show the air microbiological quality.



Air Impurity Study of Elbasani Town – Albania



Metals are deformed by
some mechanisms such as oxidation and corrosion. In order to protect metals
from deformation and effect of some agents, metal coating method may be used.
Hot galvanizing, thermal spraying, electroplating and sherardizing are some of
these methods and they depend on the type of metal which will be coated to
protect to metal materials. Zinc, nickel, brass, chrome, gold, cadmium, copper,
brass, and silver are the main materials used for metal coating process.
Chromium may be the most deteriorating one within these metals because it has
negative impacts on both human and other livings. It is found in the
environment in many forms and mined in different countries. Especially chromium
+6 is considered as carcinogenic and may lead to health problems such as
allergic reactions, nose irritations and nosebleed, stomach ulcer, weakened
immune system, genetic material alteration, stomach ulcer, kidney and liver
function disorders and death. Therefore, metal

coating wastewaters
including high concentrations of chrome should be cleaned and treatment is
necessary. In this study wastewater containing chrome produced by metal coating
industry was analysed by using some plant species. In this study, the reaction
of some plant species was investigated against different concentrations of chrome
solution. Main plants used for the tests are Lepidium sativum and Lemna
minor. Examining the negative effects of chrome which may harm plants and
offering more accurate wastewater treatment techniques against chromium
wastewater is possible with this method. There is significant relation between
chromium concentration and toxic level on plant germination and growth rate.
Moreover, variance analysis was applied to the results taken from experimental
study in laboratory condition with selected level of chromium level and the significance
importance was determined with our results.



Chromium Phytotoxicity Test of Metal Coating Wastewaters

In this paper are presented concentrations of organochlorinated pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) in some medicinal plants from South-East Albania. Many medicinal plants grow in Albania due to appropriate Mediterranean climate. Twelve different species of medicinal plants were taken in May 2017 in Pogradeci-Korca-Kolonja-Permeti region (South-East Albania). 
Ultrasonic extraction used for extracting organochlorinated pesticides, their residues and PCBs from medicinal plant samples. Clean-up procedure was performed using firstly silicagel with sulfuric acid and a second clean-up procedure in an “open” florisil column. Qualitative and quantitative analysis was realized in HP 6890 Series II, gas chromatograph equipped with μECD detector. For separation of organochlorinated pesticides and PCB markers was used Rtx-5 capillary column (30m x 0.32mm x 0.25μm). 
The highest level of organochlorine pollutants was found to the samples of Mentha longifoglia L. because these plans were grow near the agricultural areas. The main origin of organochlorine pesticides could be as result of their previous uses for agricultural purposes. Profile PCB marker were as following: PCB 28 &gt; PCB 138 &gt; PCB 153. This fact confirms atmospheric origin of these compounds in the wild ecosystem of medicinal plants.

Organochlorinated Pesticides and PCB In Some Medicinal Plants from South-East Albania

Metal industry wastewaters include different types of heavy metals with respect to the metal production processes and products. There are several methods used for metal production industry such as refining and smelting operations. Both may produce air emissions like SO2 and particulate matter, wastewater originating from floatation and leachate, and other wastes like sludge and slag. Heavy metals of metal industry wastewaters are nickel, brass, chrome, gold, cadmium, copper, brass, and silver. Most of them may give severe damage to human and environment. For example, chrome ion leads to lung cancer, stomach ulcer, kidney and liver function disorders and death on human.  Thus, heavy metal containing wastewaters could be very dangerous. Besides, plant species which have capability of accumulate heavy metals can be an option to bioaccumulate metal industry wastewaters while plant species which are sensitive to heavy metals can be used as a plant for phytotoxicity tests.  In this study metal industry wastewaters were analysed in order to determine plant species whether they are sensitive or tolerant to heavy metals. During analysis phytotoxicity tests were conducted with different plant species.

METAL BIOACCUMULATION/TOXICITY TEST FOR METAL INDUSTRY WASTEWATERS

The most important, complex and time-consuming process of land consolidation is known as the reallocation phase. Reallocation processes in land consolidation projects in Turkey is made according to farmer preferences (interview). Besides, the optimization studies based on the mathematical models for the reallocation process in many scientific researches in addition to reallocation model based on interview have been conducted. But, because there isn’t a precise mathematical model for the reallocation process, many different solutions have been suggested.      
In this study, importance of reallocation in land consolidation and interview-based and block priority-based reallocation models has been described. Also, the results of the block priority-based reallocation model that makes land reallocation by being take into account respectively the largest parcels belong to the farmers have been obtained. The results which are obtained from the block priority-based reallocation model has been compared with the results which are obtained from the interview-based reallocation model. In the consolidation area of the Bogazici neighbourhood (Kocarlı-Aydin-Turkey), previously the number of cadastral parcels were 74. The number of this parcels according to the block priority-based reallocation model that is applied in this study have decreased to 50. Average parcel size was 1.25 hectares before consolidation in this region. Average parcel size has increased to 1.44 hectares according to the interview-based reallocation model and to 1.72 hectares according to the block priority-based reallocation model.

ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT REALLOCATION RESULTS IN LAND CONSOLIDATION PROJECT

Insects which have begun to be seen as the main food source, are becoming increasingly popular in food and nutrition. When we look at foreign studies of insects research within a decade, those concerning edibleness seem to have increased in the last three years. This study provides an overview on the perception and acceptance by consumers of insects as an alternative food source in Turkey and comprises a social experiment. For this purpose, the study was carried out on a total of 100 people attending "Nutrition Education" and "New Trends in World Cuisine", and pre- and post-training behaviours were observed.  It understood that the majority of the individuals participating in the study did not see insects as a food source and would have been consumed if they were religiously appropriate. Despite the work being done, the question remains unanswered as to whether or not edible insects will have the potential to gain a position in the Turkish cuisine in the coming years.

INSECTS AS FOOD AND FEED IN THE TURKEY: CURRENT BEHAVIOURS

It is realized that infill dividers extensively change the conduct of casings under flat loads. Be that as it may, about this subject, there were insufficient information and experience aggregations contrasted and some different subjects in basic investigation. So as to add to the conduct of infilled outlines, a progression of investigations did under statical loads which were applied in the inclining bearing to the infilled tests having different conjunctions and thicknesses and surrounded with steel profiles. During the trial explore, the lessening in the level unbending nature brought about by the division and sliding between the casing and the infill ought to be thought about. It was known from the past investigates that after the edge isolated and slid, the infill divider works like a pressure bar; the examination results acquired from this examination likewise affirmed this reality. The properties of the "identical pressure bar" that speaks to the infill divider were concentrated to be assigned because of the exploratory information and contrasted and the qualities proposed in the writing. Trial investigates establish the premise of the examination.

Statical Analysis of Infilled Frames

Industrial wastewaters entering a water body represent to an overwhelming wellspring of natural contamination in waterways. It influences both the water quality and the microbial and amphibian greenery. With contending requests on constrained water assets, attention to the issues required in water contamination, has prompted to significant open level-headed discussion about the natural impacts of Industrial effluents released into oceanic situations. Raw petroleum, refined petroleum items, and in addition polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are universal in different natural compartments. They can bioaccumulation in natural pecking orders where they upset biochemical or physiological exercises of numerous living beings, in this manner bringing about carcinogenesis of a few organs, mutagenesis in the hereditary material, impedance in conceptive limit and/or creating and causing hemorrhage in exposed population. The cause/impact of oil poison are typically evaluated by utilizing organic end guide parameters alluded toward as biomarkers. Defilement of soil emerging from spills is a standout amongst the most constraining components to soil ripeness and consequently edit profitability Petroleum Refinery, Petrochemicals effluents are described by their irregular turbidity, conductivity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), Biological oxygen demand (BOD), and total hardness. Petroleum Refinery, Petrochemicals effluents containing high grouping of microbial supplements would clearly advance an after-development of essentially high coliform sorts and other microbial structures. Natural contamination is constantly obvious, and the contamination is aggravated via arrive based sources, for example, the infrequent release of crude sewage through tempest water outlets, the effluents from refineries, oil terminals, and petrochemical plants. Squander effluents rich in decomposable natural matter, is the essential driver of natural contamination.

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