The amount of waste produced is increasing day by day because of the enlargement of cities together with the growth in population and industry. It is imperative to make a feasible and sustainable waste management plan for these wastes produced. Otherwise, it will be much more difficult to protect the environment and human health. Therefore, it is very important for the ecological balance of the earth that every waste can be reused or discharge without damaging the environment. Disposal of urban wastes without harming nature has been the biggest requirement. As the energy resources in the world are gradually depleted, studies on obtaining energy from such wastes have increased.
In this study, the current waste management in two provinces of Turkey, Trabzon and Rize, was discussed and the system was explained in detail. In the context of integrated waste management, in order to decide on the most appropriate waste management option, provincial central waste characterization was carried out and seasonal variation in the waste composition was investigated. According to the results, approximately 65-75% of Rize municipal solid waste was found as organic waste and 35-25% as recyclable waste. Moisture content was determined as 68-70% on average annually. The lower calorific value was found between 3100 and 4800 kcal/kg on dry basis. Approximately 55-60% of Trabzon municipal solid waste was organic waste and 25-30% was recyclable waste. Annual average moisture content was found around 70%. The lower calorific value was determined between 3400-4500 kcal/kg on a dry basis. In addition, reuse, recycling, recovery and final storage systems of the municipal solid waste were discussed for the selection of the most appropriate methods within the scope of zero waste management of each province. Based on the characterization data, waste elimination from final disposal prolongs the lifetime of sanitary landfills.

Investigation of Municipal Waste Characterization and Alternative Disposal Methods in Trabzon and Rize City Centres

English

municipal solid waste management

characterization of solid waste

disposal

In this study, the ship-borne air emissions in the port of Zonguldak were examined based on ship activity-based methods and total emissions generated from ships were estimated as 820 t y-1 for NOX, 45.700 t y-1 for CO2, 350 t y-1 for SOX, 32 t y-1 for VOC, 44 t y-1 for PM for the year of 2019. General cargo and ro-ro cargo ships are the main polluters in the port and emissions generated from the at-sea mode are higher than the port and maneuvering modes. There are five neighborhoods within 2km from the port of Zonguldak which are at risk of shipping emissions. At least 46,255 people will be exposed to dangerous shipping emissions such as NOX, SOX, PM along with other emissions within 2 km of the port area. The environmental cost of the port emissions for each contaminant has been estimated as $27 million and $43.586 per ship call. All types of emissions in the port region should be observed regularly and measures to decrease the emissions should be implemented.

ESTIMATING EXHAUST GAS EMISSIONS FROM SHIPS ON PORT OF ZONGULDAK

Zonguldak

Environmental Pollution

Port

Emissions

Environmental Costs

This study determined the seasonal impacts of wastewaters from Ikeja industrial estates on the water quality of proximate Iya Alaro River being one of the longest rivers employed for irrigational and washing purposes in the estate.  Wastewater samples from industrial estate were collected at the point of discharge of effluents into the streams and at spatial interval of 50 to 200 meters upstream and downstream of the discharge point over a two- year period (2005-2007) .The effluents were analysed for physico-chemical parameters using standard methods. At  discharge point during dry and rainy seasons, the pH were acidic  (5.51 ± 0.16 to 6.46 ± 1.27 and 6.13 ± 0.96 to 6.80 ± 1.04).Total Dissolved Solid and Electrical Conductivity levels showed significant difference (p < 0.05) between seasons at discharge points and higher than permissible levels at upstream and downstream. Mean levels of Dissolved Oxygen (DO) were low at discharge points during the dry and rainy seasons (2.20 ± 0.66 to 3.93 ± 0.71 and 2.41 ± 0.30 to 2.83 ± 0.72). Biochemical Oxygen Demand and Chemical Oxygen Demand increased in the range of 579-1186 mg/L and 1247-2610mg/L respectively from March to July with low levels of DO ranging from 1.70 to 3.70 mg O2/L. Mean levels of Nitrate were within permissible limits downstream and upstream and higher in rainy than dry seasons at the discharge points. Sulphate levels detected were below WHO levels of 400mg/L while Chromium levels were above the limits of 0.05 mg/L. Mean levels of Phosphate at discharge points was higher (31.97 ±1.12mg/L) during dry season of the second year, and were also higher upstream and downstream than permissible limits. Manganese showed significant difference (p < 0.05) at the discharge points.  Downstream accumulations were relatively higher for Copper (4.04mg/L) and Manganese (4.10mg/L) in the dry season and Cadmium(5.93mg/L) in the rainy season. It showed that industrial wastewater majorly caused the stream to be polluted and unsuitable for drinking. The degradation of the water quality of proximate streams in the estate therefore needs preventive and remedial measures of combined central effluent and treatment plants in order to bring back the waters to a level before the pollution discharges.

Seasonal Impact of Ikeja Industrial Wastewaters on Water Quality of Proximate Iya Alaro River in Lagos, Nigeria

Industrial wastewaters

Water Quality

discharge point

upstream

downstream

The usage of natural mines and materials is rapidly increasing in parallel to population growth and industrial developments. It is very important for future generations that the materials used are transported to landfills and protected from mineral resources by preventing them from being thrown into the environment. Separation of materials produced from different metals as much as possible, production of new materials, protection of mineral resources, and reduction of environmental pollution is also very important in economic terms. In addition to legal sanctions for the recycling of metals and other resources, voluntary organizations are making efforts in this regard. For the ones with high production and cost value at the beginning of recycled materials, more successful results are obtained. In the aluminium recycling plant, the collection and disassembly of the vehicle engines and vehicle transmissions are used in the domestic and abroad, and the dismantling of the aluminium alloys prepared according to the specifications requested by the customers. It is considered during this project stage that the vehicle engines and vehicle transmissions from domestic and foreign countries will not need to be recycled, and the vehicle engines and vehicle transmissions will be sold directly if they can be used directly in the vehicles after the necessary repairs.

Aluminum Gearbox of Vehicle Engine Recycling

Scrap metal

Aluminium

Engine

Gearbox

recycling

Profiles of heavy metals in Ilupeju, Ikeja and Isolo industrial wastewaters and seasonal impacts on quality of water downstream and upstream in Lagos metropolis were determined. Wastewater samples from  industrial estate were collected at the point of discharge of effluents into the streams and at spatial interval of 50 to 200 meters upstream and downstream of the discharge point over a two- year period (2005-2007) .The effluents were analyzed for heavy metals using standard methods. At the point of wastewater discharge into water bodies, during dry and rainy seasons, only Manganese showed significant difference (p < 0.05) in the first year in Ikeja.  In dry and  rainy seasons, the level of iron fluctuated from 8.95 ± 0.18 mg/L upstream to 8.96 ± 0.88 mg/L downstream in Ikeja; 1.40 ± 0.17 mg/L to 15.94 ± 1.56 mg/L in Ilupeju and 9.10 ± 0.64 mg/L to 4.98 ± 0.76 mg/L in Isolo industrial zones. In all the industrial areas considered, all the heavy metals have high accumulation factor at one season or the other except chromium and zinc. Accumulation factor for manganese increases in order of 2.38<4.10<4.70 in Ilupeju, Ikeja, Isolo respectively and in the order of 2.21<3.91<4.04 for copper in Isolo, Ilupeju, Ikeja respectively. However, iron had highest accumulation factor of 11.38 in the rainy season for Ilupeju. The upstream and downstream levels of chromium, manganese, iron and lead were higher than permissible level with traces of cadmium. The upstream and downstream water quality was poor and not suitable for drinking and routine purposes hence control of industrial wastewater is necessary to asswage its impact on proximate river bodies.

Pollution Load of Heavy Metals in Ilupeju, Ikeja and Isolo Industrial Wastewaters and Seasonal Impacts on Quality of Water Downstream and Upstream in Lagos Metropolis

Volume 3 Issue 2

Investigation of Municipal Waste Characterization and Alternative Disposal Methods in Trabzon and Rize City Centres

ESTIMATING EXHAUST GAS EMISSIONS FROM SHIPS ON PORT OF ZONGULDAK

Seasonal Impact of Ikeja Industrial Wastewaters on Water Quality of Proximate Iya Alaro River in Lagos, Nigeria

Aluminum Gearbox of Vehicle Engine Recycling

Pollution Load of Heavy Metals in Ilupeju, Ikeja and Isolo Industrial Wastewaters and Seasonal Impacts on Quality of Water Downstream and Upstream in Lagos Metropolis

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