Kinetics of reactions in soil and aquatic environments is of extreme importance to understand the fate of reactions take place in soil ecosystems. Most of the chemical processes that occur in these ecosystems are dynamic, and a knowledge of the mechanisms and kinetics of these reactions is fundamental. Moreover, to properly understand the fate of applied fertilizers, pesticides, organic and inorganic pollutants in soils with time, and to thus improve nutrient availability and the quality of our groundwater, one must study kinetics. This review article represents different mechanisms take place in Arid region in order to put the best management practices should be applied to minimize the hazards of these inorganic pollutants.

Rate process of potential toxic elements reactions in Arid region

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Calcareous soils are soils rich of calcium carbonate which occur mainly in the arid and semi-arid subtropics of both hemispheres. The diagnostic horizon in the calcareous soil is the calcic horizon which contains more than 15% CaCO3 and has a depth of more than 15cm thick. Potential productivity of calcareous soils is relatively high where adequate water and nutrients can be supplied. Crusting of the surface may affect not only infiltration and soil aeration but also the emergence of seedlings. Cemented conditions of the subsoil layers may hamper root development and water movement characteristics.
Calcareous soils tend to be low in organic matter and available nitrogen. The high pH level results in unavailability of phosphate (formation of unavailable calcium phosphates as apatite) and usually reduced micronutrient availability, iron and zinc e.g. (lime induced chlorosis). There may be also problems of potassium and magnesium nutrition as a result of the nutritional imbalance between these elements and calcium.

Management of Calcareous Soils in Arid Region

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Due to population growth in the world and the collective lives of people, natural resources in the world are rapidly depleting or being recycled and becoming polluted. Pollutants can also pollute the atmosphere, especially the soil and water resources. On the other hand, sources contaminated with these pollutants also affect each other. Especially during the processing of mines and the production of new products, many metal derivatives are mixed with soil and water resources. Particularly, there are difficulties in removing the low concentration of metal pollution. In addition to the use of chemical methods in the treatment process, biological processes are also used in some studies. In this present study, the acorn cap which is one of the natural materials and LCAs can be used for the removal of copper ions which can be found in low concentrations in water sources. Furthermore, the adsorption process was investigated with SEM + EDX and XRD studies. Hence, oak acorn cap is a natural material, it has been seen that it can be used in sources that may be drinking water and success has been achieved.

Investigation of Cu metal adsorption using acorn caps obtained from Quercus robur L. #

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The use of peanut and pistachio shells as an adsorbent for the removal of Brillant Blue and K-RED 198, Methylene Orange, and Methylene Blue was investigated. The commonly used isotherm models were applied for data obtained from further batch studies. Dye removal capacity is as follows 65% for Brillant Blue, 73 % for KRED 198. Methylene Orange and Methylene Blue were removed poorly for peanut and pistachio shell. Freundlich isotherm model were found to be the best fitted one and based on Freundlich isotherm model adsorption capacities were 4.58 mg/g for Brillant Blue and 4.33 mg/g for K-RED 198 at peanut shells and 4.04 mg/g for Brillant Blue and 4.64 mg/g for K-RED 198 at pistachio shells. Kinetic examinations were also carried out for two dyes tested and it was found that adsorption kinetic was best described by pseudo first-order kinetic model.

Textile dye removal from aqueous solution by using peanut and pistachio shells

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The air quality of Dhaka has become severe due to numerous brick kilns, construction, demolition, biomass burning, heavy traffic, transboundary effect, etc. This study identified the relationship between the spatiotemporal variation of brick kilns with PM2.5 concentrations in three sub-districts of Dhaka, namely- Dhamrai, Savar, and Keraniganj. Spatial data retrieved from Google Earth for assessing the temporal changes of brick kilns and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data for PM2.5 collected from NASA online database. Remote sensing technique and ArcGIS 10.2.1 tool used for analyzing the spatiotemporal variability of PM2.5 concentrations. The results show that the number of brick kilns increased to 307, 497 and 551 in 2006, 2010 and 2018, respectively. Besides, the annual average of PM2.5 concentrations in Dhamrai sub-district was 58.6, 58.9 and 64.8 μg/m3, while 58.6, 58.2 and 64.5 μg/m3 in Savar and 57.7, 56.7 and 63.1 μg/m3 in Keraniganj in 2006, 2010 and 2016, respectively. The findings portray that PM2.5 concentration was almost three to four times higher than the Bangladesh National Ambient Air Quality Standard (BNAAQS) and World Health Organization (WHO) standards. Besides, there is an increasing trend has been found between concentration and brick kilns. Hence, standardization of the kiln efficiency through improved combustion techniques along with the promotion of sand bricks could be an effective solution to reduce emission from brick kilns in Bangladesh.

Volume 2 Issue 5

Rate process of potential toxic elements reactions in Arid region

Management of Calcareous Soils in Arid Region

Investigation of Cu metal adsorption using acorn caps obtained from Quercus robur L. #

Textile dye removal from aqueous solution by using peanut and pistachio shells

Spatiotemporal Variation of Brick Kilns and it’s relation to Ground-level PM2.5 through MODIS Image at Dhaka District, Bangladesh

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