

In recent times, the
most commonly used herbicide for cleaning weeds in agricultural areas has been
based on 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), and increases in its
production is particularly alarming for the whole ecological system, especially
in terms of human health, and it needs to be removed from sources of water. To
achieve this, discrete 2,4-D removal by a sonocatalytic method (sonolysis with
a TiO2 catalyst) has been investigated. In this study, the
individual and synergic effects of a TiO2 dose, the pH, the time and
initial 2,4-D concentration factors were investigated. In addition, a Taguchi
statistical method was applied to optimize the effective parameters. As a
result of the study, it was observed that pH was the most effective parameter
for 2,4-D degradation. According to the results obtained from the Taguchi
statistical method, the optimum conditions for 2,4-D removal are A (pH) with a
value of 2 at level 1, B (TiO2 concentration) with a value of
0.5 g/L at level 2, C (initial 2,4-D concentration) with a value of 75 mg/L at
level 4 and D (time) with a value of 60 minutes at level 1. The results
presented by the theoretically predicted value for 100% degradation efficiency
were confirmed by the experimental values.



The Sonocatalytic Degradation of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) Herbicide Using Taguchi Experimental Design

Degradation rate

Optimization

Sonocatalysis

Taguchi method

2-4-Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid

IJEPEM

This state of the art appraises the foremost recent pronouncements in the field of nanotechnology particularly their applications in farming. It covers diverse themes associated with nanotechnology. Nanotechnology was developed and materialized over a lengthy period of time. Actually, various sorts of nanoparticles liable to composition, size, form, and/or structure were described. Different ways and protocols were designed for synthesizing nanoparticles; the most common ones involved chemical, physical, green and/or biological conducts. However, the superiority of biological methods compared to chemical and physical methods was clarified. Additionally, yeasts display an imperative perform in manufacturing nanoparticles that conceived their cells might be the factory producing nanoparticles. The foremost important tools used for characterizing nanoparticles were mentioned in order that they could be employed to estimate their differential futures and characteristics. Fundamentals of some nanoparticle biotechnological synthesis mechanisms were represented in order that they could be exploited to illustrate; optimize and maximize the nanoparticles biosynthesizing process. Several verified nanotechnological structure outputs were applied in farming represented, such as nanobiosensors, nanopesticides, nanocapsules as the sake of the efficient delivery of agrochemicals, plant disease, and weed control agents, nanofertilizers and nanostructures as detoxifying or remediating pollutants, as well as nanotechnological structure material safety aspects.

Nanotechnology Applications in Agriculture (Review Article)

a:6:{i:0;s:13:"Nanomaterials";i:1;s:12:"synthesizing";i:2;s:17:"Bio-manufacturing";i:3;s:16:"characterization";i:4;s:10:"mechanisms";i:5;s:6:"safety";}

Biological substances in the aerosols have important impacts on public health and include bacteria, fungi, etc. that they can be toxigenic, allergenic and/or infectious. These substances can be originated from either natural sources such as evaporated sea spray, windborne pollen, dust, and other geothermal eruptions or from anthropogenic sources, like various industrial and man-made processes. One of the usual and daily man-made processes is tobacco smoke. To investigate the outdoor microbial activity and effect of tobacco smoke on outdoor air, culturable microbial activity, and diversity were measured in smoking and non-smoking outdoor sites. Outdoor air samples collected with manual aerosol samplers in Florya, Istanbul (Turkey) during three months in the winter of 2015-16. Average microorganism concentrations were varied 33-200 CFU/m3 and 2-120 CFU/m3 for smoking area and non-smoking area, respectively. The most dominant species were bacillus, staphylococcus and mold.

Assessment of Outdoor Bioaerosols In Megacity Istanbul-Turkey and Its Relation with Tobacco Smoke

a:5:{i:0;s:9:"Pollution";i:1;s:9:"Urban air";i:2;s:26:"Microbial characterization";i:3;s:8:"Istanbul";i:4;s:11:"Bioaerosols";}

Urban areas become more prone to flood disasters due to the rapid urbanization with increasing rate of impermeable layers. Integrated green infrastructure is one of the most effective tools for stormwater management and runoff reduction in urban areas. Identification of flood-prone regions is crucial for flood mitigation. Improving permeable paving and sustainable drainage system can reduce floods in urban areas. In this study, Barış Street in Selçuklu district of Konya is selected for stormwater drainage design using rational method. The study area is very well developed in terms of constructed buildings, but there is lack of green infrastructure. Hence, this area might be prone to urban flood. Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) curves were used for the intensity determination. Seven different periods of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50,100 and 200 years were selected for stormwater drainage design. Rainfall intensity determination was based on 15 minutes of duration. Rain yield was calculated for each period. The pipe diameter for drainage system was calculated for the selected periods according to partially full pipe flow rate of 60%. As a result; 400 mm diameter for 2 years, 500 mm diameter for 5, 10, 25 years and 600 mm diameter for 50, 100, 200 years return periods have been found. Considering the increasing impacts of climate change, 600 mm of pipe diameter for Barış Street in Selçuklu district of Konya would be appropriate for the urban drainage system.

Urban Drainage Design According to Turkish Rainwater Harvesting and Disposal Guideline

a:5:{i:0;s:18:"Rainfall intensity";i:1;s:10:"Stormwater";i:2;s:6:"Runoff";i:3;s:11:"Urban flood";i:4;s:19:"Urban flood control";}

This study is interested in the degradation of the water quality of the alluvial aquifer of Guerrara region, Algeria, and examines the processes that affect the physicochemical and hydrodynamic quality of the waters of this surface water table. 30 water samples were taken in October 2011, 18 in April 2012, 30 in October 2012 and 30 in April 2013. It is a hydro-chemical and hydrodynamic (piezometric) study of groundwater. The parameters studied are EC, pH, mineralization, total hardness and the ionic balance of the water. The physico-chemical study of the waters indicates a great variability of the EC of the water in time and space, with values varying from 0.91 to 11.63 dS / m (October 2011) and from 2.25 to 19.04 dS/m (April 2013). the pH is slightly alkaline, with values changing from 7.4 to 8.4 (October 2011) and from 6.51 to 7.61 (April 2013). The chemical facies of waters is chlorinated and sulphated, and the most represented facies is the sulphated sodium facies. The piezometric study of the aquifer over four companions of monitoring shows that the direction of flow is from South West to North East in a general way. Seasonal fluctuations in the piezometric surface oscillate between 0.2 and 5 m. These fluctuations are subject to the climatic characteristics of the region: low rainfall and high evaporation on the one hand, and on the other hand, and pumping.

Volume 2 Issue 4

The Sonocatalytic Degradation of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) Herbicide Using Taguchi Experimental Design

Nanotechnology Applications in Agriculture (Review Article)

Assessment of Outdoor Bioaerosols In Megacity Istanbul-Turkey and Its Relation with Tobacco Smoke

Urban Drainage Design According to Turkish Rainwater Harvesting and Disposal Guideline

Hydrochemical and Piezometric Study of The Alluvial Aquifer of The Guerrara Region, Algeria

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