Indications of serious changes in the world's climate have been evident over the past few decades. Recently, studies have shown how grave the problem is, as well as the magnitude of its negative impacts on all sectors of development. According to these studies, human activity has led to a rise in the earth's average temperature at a rate of 0.3 to 0.4 degrees every 10 years, which is unprecedented in recorded history. This rapid and continuous rise in temperature has been traced to the increase in greenhouse gases in the earth's atmosphere. Projections made by the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) indicate an expected rise in average temperatures of between 2.0 to 4.5 0C by the end of the present century. A rise in sea levels of between 9 to 59cm is also projected, which would lead to unprecedented changes in an environment that has remained stable over many eras. The high increase in the population growth rate and rapid spread of urbanization in Egypt are the cause for concern due to the resultant increase in air and water pollution. Population growth has obviously intensified demand for resources, including water, energy, and waste disposal and sewage services. The rise in temperature is expected to further exacerbate the dearth in drinking water, increase pressure on land resources, and lead to a rise in the incidence of sand and dust storms. Furthermore, the global rise in sea levels added to expected local land subsidence (a result of tectonic movements and continued pumping of petroleum and ground water, estimated at another 30cm within the next 100 years), will lead to a loss of many low-lying coastal areas and to salt water intrusion into a number of coastal wells. The combined effect will also lead to a rise in the water table in coastal regions that would ruin the agricultural productivity of low- lying areas. The adverse effects of climate change also include an increase in the frequency and severity of sandstorms, and longer periods of drought followed by more intense flooding. This is expected to lead to public health problems, including the spread of epidemics, especially in poorer regions.

Impact of the Global Climate Change on Land Degradation in Egypt

a:3:{i:0;s:14:"Climate change";i:1;s:16:"land degradation";i:2;s:15:"Desertification";}

IJEPEM

Fire disaster caused by various reasons leads a serious damage to buildings and loss of life. Although buildings are constructed according to the regulations, fire disasters can cause serious damage to buildings. In some cases, it may be necessary to repair and strengthen the structural elements that are partially damaged in fire exposed structures. In this study, investigation and research based of column and beam reinforcement of burned area as the result fire breakout during concrete pouring at a 9th floor of reinforced concrete structure was discussed. During the analysis carried out, it was aimed to strengthen the damaged elements also not to overdesign lower floor column sections of the column load flow between the floors and to complete the reinforcement on the damaged floor. For this purpose, the column sections are modeled in one and two variables linear.

Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete Structures Exposed to Fire

a:5:{i:0;s:19:"Reinforced concrete";i:1;s:11:"reinforcing";i:2;s:9:"repairing";i:3;s:4:"fire";i:4;s:13:"strengthening";}



Nowadays, in many regions of the world face to drought problems that directly affect the agricultural production due to water deficiency or some conditions that cause the depletion of the existing water resources. In these water deficit areas, the use of wastewater for agricultural irrigation could contribute to decrease water shortage, protect surface and groundwater resources and supports the agricultural industries. In this study, in order to assess wastewater from textile industry could be used safely to irrigate ‘Golden Delicious’ apple seedlings grafted onto an MM 106 parent, a pot experiment in glass house was conducted in a sand clay loam soil (pH=7.22) from Bolu province. Municipal water (T0) prepared as a control sample, 1/3 diluted (T1) and raw textile wastewaters (T2) were applied to investigate the effects of irrigation treatments by measuring soil and leaves chemical properties. Although the Electrical Conductivity (EC) (4 dS/m) and pH values (8.5) at the end of the experiment were lower than the critical value in all the irrigated samples, the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) values were higher than 13 in T1 and T2. The cubic model was determined to be suitable for the shoot lengths of the apple saplings irrigated with T0, T1 and T2 and R2 values could be obtained as 0.987, 0.987 and 0.992, respectively. This study clearly demonstrated that textile wastewater at appropriate dilutions could be used for irrigation in agricultural fields.



The Effect of Irrigation by Textile Wastewater on the Growth of MM106 Apple Sapling and Soil

Irrigation

: Heavy metals

Malus domestica

Soil properties

Heavy Metals

The assessment of air quality involves the collection of data from different monitoring stations that record daily the concentration of major pollutants: carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, ozone, and nitrogen dioxide. for this study we used the data collected in the stations of Nicosia 0011, Kyrenia 0021, Famagusta 0031, Alevkayasi 0041, Nicosia 0051, Teknecik1 0061, teknecik2 0071, Kalecik 0081, Morphou 0091 and we could evaluate the quality of the air by interpreting the results of the collected data.

Environmental Assessment of Criteria Pollutants in the Atmosphere of Northern Cyprus

a:4:{i:0;s:11:"Air Quality";i:1;s:10:"Assessment";i:2;s:19:"Criteria Pollutants";i:3;s:19:"Monitoring Stations";}

Most algae are fundamentally autotrophic (obtaining all their materials from inorganic sources) and photosynthetic generating complex carbon compounds from carbon dioxide and light energy. Some algae have become secondarily heterotrophic, taking up complex organic molecules by organotrophy or heterotrophy, but still retaining fundamental genetic affinities with their photosynthetic relatives. They organisms included both prokaryotes (cells lacking a membrane bound nucleus) and eukaryotes (cells with a nucleus plus typical membrane-bound organelles). They are abundantly found in environmental extremes of temperature, pH, salt concentration, and radiation. The cultivation of algae can make an important contribution to the transition to a more sustainable society or bio based economy. Algae are not only suitable for environmentally friendly production of many commodities, but also for the use of waste streams. They grow excellent on e.g. carbon dioxide from flue gases, residual water of agro-industrial companies and even diluted digestate from manure. In return they produce valuable raw materials. Algae recycle nutrients that thus remain available in the nutrient cycle, instead of being wasted and pollute the water. The algal cell contains many useful substances and microalgae are cultivated increasingly for the production of valuable raw materials such as oil, proteins, starch, agar, carrageenan, Alginate, pigments (e.g., beta-carotene) and different pharmaceutical products so that the commercial applications of these materials are numerous.

Volume 2 Issue 2

Impact of the Global Climate Change on Land Degradation in Egypt

Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete Structures Exposed to Fire

The Effect of Irrigation by Textile Wastewater on the Growth of MM106 Apple Sapling and Soil

Environmental Assessment of Criteria Pollutants in the Atmosphere of Northern Cyprus

Commercial Bio- products from Algal Biomass

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